Spiritualisme
Spiritualism is a doctrine that affirms the existence of the spirit as something superior and anterior to the field Definition Spiritualism tends to affirm that there are two realities: the material reality and spiritual reality, naming it soul or spirit. Materialism and spiritualism are two opposing philosophical doctrines. Materialism is a philosophy that everything is matter in the universe and everything can be explained by the material (our emotions, our behavior, all the phenomena of nature, etc..). Materialism leads to denying the existence of a transcendental God. Spiritualism asserts instead that it we can explain everything by the mind. Plato , (427 BC. - 348 BC. J.-C) is known for his theory of the world of ideas. He said there is a higher reality encompassing for example, the idea of "circularity," that of "quadrature" and "triangularity." These forms are therefore, according to this philosopher, outside of space and time. This theory of the world of ideas and, more generally, the teachings of Plato were heavily influenced Western thought, both philosophical, religious and social science (Many contemporary mathematicians such as Roger Penrose , Kurt Godel , Marcel Paul Schtzenberger and Alain Connes adhere to realism based on the mathematical Platonism about the nature of mathematical objects ). Aristotle retain some ideas of his master as that of the immortality of the soul, but is opposed to certain others, and introduce new concepts as the principle engine first. It mainly introduces a teleological interpretation of nature. Thus, it rains because the plants need water and the stones fall to the ground because the soil is the natural place of stones. The final cause or telos based on Aristotle's principle of finality of things, everything obeys a "design" is beyond us. This idea has a great influence on medieval Christian theologians. Thus, in the thirteenth century, St. Thomas Aquinas tried to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and the revealed faith of the Scriptures. It should be noted nevertheless that apart from (very) rare exceptions, the thinkers of antiquity were all spiritualists (in the modern sense of the word), do not question the existence of the soul or God. St. Anselm (1033-1109), putting the reason in the service of faith, will provide a first version of the famous ontological argument , arguments that will be widely discussed or declined over the following centuries: God possesses all perfections in nature. But if God did not exist, it would lack a perfection of life. Therefore, God exists . Thomas Aquinas in the thirteenth century realized the great synthesis of reason and faith, trying to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Christian thought. To reconcile the contradictions between Aristotelian philosophy and Christian doctrine, it separates the truths of the reason for those of faith, defined as an unconditional adherence to the word of God. The philosophy is that as a servant of theology (ancilla theologiae philosophia), and the two disciplines work together to the same end. St. Thomas Aquinas is best known for his five proofs of God's existence: The soul is for Descartes a substance independent, and only man has a soul. This soul is the substrate of our spiritual qualities, it is an essence particularly different from the body. There is indeed Descartes a big difference between soul and body, a difference that distinguishes them radically: the soul is a thinking substance (res cogitans), the material is an extended substance (res extensa). This dualism, which already exists in Plato is the basis from which current scientific psychology is, because for Aristotle the soul and body were one. Therefore there was no distinction between science and philosophy. Descartes also gave several proofs of the existence of God which a variant of the ontological argument. Leibniz Leibniz (1646-1716) introduced the notion of monad, spiritual unity. His theory of the union of soul and body stems from its monadology: the body is an aggregate of monads, whose relationship with the soul are set from the start as two clocks that would have been synchronized. Leibniz is also known to be the origin of the idea of the best of possible worlds. If God exists, he has, by necessity, been able, willing and able to create the least imperfect of all imperfect worlds: the world best suited for supreme ours. The spiritualists today put forward a number of arguments based on science: In quantum mechanics, the spiritualists try to show that there is another level of reality. Determines the extent of the phenomenon. Now what is a measure without measuring? Thus, the spiritualists say that it is consciousness that creates reality. In astrophysics, the spiritualists call the anthropic principle: the fifteen fundamental constants have been settled at the time of big bang in a way that makes possible intelligent life (this is a chance of more than 1 in 10 power 100). Materialists say simply that if it was not the case, we would not be here to discuss ... The spiritualists answer when the problem is not so simple to use the metaphor of Hubert Reeves, if a prisoner to be shot at the post by a small band of soldiers miraculously escapes execution, thinks he must survival to chance or he is still alive thanks to a conspiracy? Thus intelligent life in our universe is due to a "conspirator" cosmic (light, God) that would have solved the outset the fundamental constants of the universe. In biology, the spiritualists are often anti-Darwinians. They claim that evolution is directed towards the highest possible psyche (in fact, it has never seen a decline in species-level intelligence). They use quantum theory to justify such a position. Indeed, the genetic mutation is a quantum phenomenon subject to the laws of indeterminacy: some mutations may therefore be more likely to occur than others without violating the laws of physics. This idea is supported by some experiments (see those Johnjoe MacFadden example). The most extreme spiritualists affirm that God manipulates the genes directly through them. Neurophysiology, spiritualists want rahabiliter dualism. They put forward the theory of Sir John Eccles (Nobel Prize) that the brain is the organ used to connect the body and mind. The communication was possible thanks to quantum indeterminacy at synapses (connection between two neurons): the spirit, by an action at a distance, would only have to change the transition probabilities of neurotransmitters (molecules at synapses by passing information from one neuron to another) to influence the brain. This dualism is supported by some scientific experiments: for example, the experience of cutting completely Sperry communication between the two hemispheres of the brain. It finds that the person so made all his care unit. Despite the time, it does not emerge two different personalities in each of the two hemispheres of the brain: why? The dualistic theory seems to be a convincing answer yet. However, many experiments are still to be done to prove without a shadow of a doubt, that the dualistic theory is indeed the best response to these phenomena. Opposed to any form of spiritualism, the quietism ... Opponent: Leon Olle-Laprune Materialism and spiritualism
Spiritualism in History
Antiquity
Plato
Aristotle
The Middle Ages
The ontological proof
St. Thomas Aquinas
From the fifteenth to the nineteenth century
Descartes
The nineteenth century
Victor Cousin
Henri Bergson
Allan Kardec
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
The twentieth century
Louis Lavelle
Rene Guenon
Contemporary Debates: Spiritualism today
Arguments modern spiritualist
Criticism of the arguments modern spiritualist
Quietism and spiritualism
Vitalism
Some works of contemporary
References
See also
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