Roman Empire

imperial residence "for administrative capitals. Latin for Imperium Romanum (Roman Empire) is probably best known when the word imperium denotes a territory, all parts of the then known world was under Roman rule. The Roman expansion begins at the time of the Republic, but reached its zenith under Emperor Trajan. At this territorial peak, the Roman Empire controlled approximately 6,500,000 km ² of territory. Because the Roman Empire was vast and lasting influence of Rome on language, religion, architecture, philosophy, law and the governance around the world continues to this day.

At the end of the ^third century AD, Diocletian established the practice of dividing authority between two emperors, one in the western part of the empire (the Western declines and disappears during the ^fifth and ^sixth century centuries) and the other in its eastern part, to better manage the vast territory. During the following centuries, the practice continued, with a few occasions, the presence of a single emperor assuming complete control of the Empire. However, after the death of Theodosius in 395, never had any single emperor's supremacy over the empire. The Western Roman Empire disappeared Sept. 4 476 , since it is the date on which Romulus Augustus was forced to abdicate by Odoacer. The Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire continued to exist until 1453 with the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks of Mehmed II. That is why it is difficult to give an exact date for the end of the Empire.

Roman Empire Imperium Romanum (the) / Basileia Rhman (grc)
27 BC. BC - 395
SPQR
Motto : ( Latin : The Senate and People of Rome)
The Roman Empire at its peak
General Information
Language (s)		{{{Language}}}
Religion (s)		No , then Christianity
GDP		{{{Gdp}}}
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Currency		Solidus , Aureus , Denarius , Sesterce ... (See Roman coin )
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Population
25 av. AD		approx. 56.8 million inhabitants.
117 AD. AD		approx. 88 million inhabitants.
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Area
25 av. AD		2 750 000 km
50 AD. AD		4,200,000 sq km
117		5,000,000 sq km
390		4,400,000 sq km
		{{{}}} Superficie5
History & Events

Summary 1 Institutions of the Roman Empire 1.1 The Restoration of the "Res publica" by Auguste 1.2 The Emperor 1.3 The Senate 1.4 The Judiciary 1.5 Administration imperial 2 Chronology of the Roman Empire 2.1 The Principate 2.2 Crisis of the third century 2.3 Dominate 3 Notes and references 3.1 General titles 3.2 Paragraphs Related External 3.3 Links

/ / Institutions of the Roman Empire

The Restoration of the "Res publica" by Augustus

The assassination of Julius Caesar was motivated by the fear he did not create a monarchy. Although it was known as emperor in the hellenophone of the Empire, he refused the crown offered him that Marc Antony at the Lupercalia of 44 and at the time of his death he had never claimed the title of king.

October 43, the young Caesar , Antony and Lepidus, took the title of tresuiri rei publicae constituendae ( triumvirate responsible for the formation of the republic), agreement legalized by the Lex Titia November 27, 1943. Triumvirs the promise that after their victory they will present the res publica in senate and plebs. The murderers of Caesar were defeated at the Battle of Philippi in 42, Sextus Pompey to battle Nauloque at 42 and after his victory over Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31, Octavian was master of the entire empire.

The Emperor

The Senate

The Judiciary

Under the principate, the judges lost their power. EXTUS power being directed by the Emperor, the armies being led by the legate of the emperor, principalest judiciaries are simple title honors.

Imperial Administration

Timeline of the Roman Empire

The Principate

The Principality begins in -27 and ends in 285 or so.

The argument that the domination of Rome was now being extended over an area too vast and too complex for its management structures of the Republic , resulting in the birth of the Principate was very outdated. The reasons for the arrival of a model of central government on personal bases still more clearly to be sought in the decline of government Senate of the Roman Republic, whose first act is to be attached to the emblematic figure of Scipio Africanus. The spread of a sense of individualism still stronger in Rome is certainly reflected in the provision of monetary effigies contained not only the ancestors of the most representative of sitting judges, but often these judges themselves. This process manifested itself in conjunction with the penetration values of Hellenic civilization, no doubt aided by the Roman conquest of the Hellenic cities on the coast of Magna Graecia and Sicily , and emphasized by the Roman conquest of Macedonia , of the Greece and modern for much of the Hellenic world, with the exception of Egypt is dominated by Ptolemaic dynasty, subject however to a protectorate ever more pressing.

The use of ever more diligent in dictatorial mandate , started with Gaius Marius , distorts the constitutional scope of judicial dictatorship, under the republican organization, until the dictatorship of Sulla , understood as a mandate to restore the Roman state under Conservative -oligarchic (for optimates), but does not lead to the restoration of the monarchy because of the personal will of Sylla. Dictatorship of Caesar ( 46 BC. - 44 BC. ) resumed full model Sylla Originally from the opposite political camp (that of the populares, the oligarchs more likely to use demagoguery against the little people, the vulgus to take power) and formalized the denial of a monarchical natural outcome, alleging the denial of a Roman cultural official institution of the monarchy.

The accession to power of Octavian ( 44 - 30 BC. ), through its participation in the second triumvirate , institution openly subversive, is formalized in 27 BC. AD in the waiver dictatorial powers now very widespread, in exchange for recognition by the Senate that "the Roman state" needed a guide and inspiration of government policy, taking the title of "Augustus", Octave inaugurates a special constitutional body known as the "Principality" (sometimes called, erroneously, "Empire" because of the actual existence of emperors, forgetting that the burden of imperator was already a republican title, awarded to victorious generals, and the creation of a decentralized administration through the creation of provinciae dates back to 237 BC. with the Sicilian case).

During the first century, the territorial expansion of the Empire continued under the dynasties Julio-Claudian , and Flavian , in economic terms, GDP (PPP) of it reached the 22 billion dollar international or 21.5% of gross domestic product worldwide at the time. Under Trajan the empire reached its maximum extension with the conquest of Dacia and new territories in the East. Dynasty Antonines we are witnessing a period of peace and prosperity, although towards the end the need to defend the borders of the empire against the pressure of external enemies start to become more pressing.

The crisis in the Principality, which began with the death of Marcus Aurelius , materializes in the coming to power of Septimius Severus ( 193 - 211 ) and in reforming the institution of the Principate, now foreign to dynamic environments and dominated Senate by those of the army. The military monarchy Severian (193 - 235 ), although sometimes the search legitimation Senate, announces the advent of Dominate ( 285 - 641 ), after the very dynamic phase of military anarchy (235-285).

Crisis of the third century

After the dynasty of the Severi , during the ^third century , are the legions who claim the emperors, who often prevail only for short periods and are permanently engaged in military campaigns. The economic crisis is also an ideological crisis and Christianity spread, partly opposed and partly tolerated.

Dominate

With Tetrarchy intended by Diocletian , began the division of the empire and undertook major reforms to try to fix the status quo. Rome lost its role as imperial capital in favor of Milan , closer to the border to defend. Constantine founded on the site of the city of Byzantium "New Rome, Constantinople.

The gradual adoption of Christianity (which became institutionalized in contact with the Roman state, he borrowed the organizational aspects and some iconographic models) launched by Constantine ( 306 - 337 ), ended after a few adventures choice between heretics ( Constantius II , 337 - 361 ) and attempted restoration of traditional cults , by establishing a Church institution parallel to the Christian Church ( Julien II , 361 - 363 ), with formal adoption of Christian worship ( Theodosius I , 379 - 395 ).

References

• (In) This article is partially or entirely from the article in English entitled " Roman_Empire "(see the list of authors )

General titles

• Pierre Grimal , The Roman Empire, Fallois Editions, 1993.
• Ramsay MacMullen , the relationship between social classes in the Roman Empire (50 BC. AD - 284 AD.), Seuil, 1986
• Ramsay MacMullen, Paganism in the Roman Empire, PUF, 1987

Related articles

• Ancient Rome
• Roman Imperialism
  • List of Roman Emperors
  • Chronology of the Western Roman Empire
  • Chronology of the Eastern Roman Empire
  • Chronology of Rome
  • Roman Empire
  • Lower Roman Empire
  • Byzantine Empire
• Roman economy
• Art of Ancient Rome

External Links

• Short History of Roman
• Site on the Roman emperors
• (En) The Antonine Dynasty
• Book of Roman law by Yves Lassard and Alexandr Koptev
• Relations between the Roman world and China: the lure of the Far East by Jean-Noel Robert, Latin scholar and historian of Rome.
• Edward Gibbon : History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire on Gallica

Provinces of the Roman Empire Trajan's conquest until the reforms of Diocletian, ordered by geographical regions from west to east
Iberian Peninsula	Betic Lusitania Tarraconaise (or Hispania Hither , the Gallaecia detached briefly under Caracalla)
Gaul and Germania	Aquitaine Belgium Lower Germany Upper Germany Lyon Narbonne Noricum Rhaetia
Great Britain	Britain (until 210, then Britains lower and upper )
Alps, Italy and surrounding	Italy (special status regiones XI) Alps Cottian grated Alpes Alpes-Maritimes Pennine Alps Corsica-Sardinia Sicily
Illyria, Greece and the Balkans	Achaea Dalmatia (or Illyrian ) Epirus Macedonia Lower Moesia ( Aurelian Dacia detached to 270) Moesia Superior Lower Pannonia Upper Pannonia Thrace
Dacia and around	Dacia (up to 129, then Dacies lower , upper and Porolissensis to Marcus Aurelius, then Three Dacies up to 270)
Anatolia and the Caucasus	Asia proconsular Bithynia - Bridge Cappadocia Cilicia Cyprus Galatia Lycia - Pamphylia Osroene (from 195) Mesopotamia (from 198)
Middle East	Saudi Judea (up to Hadrian and Syria-Palestine ) Syria (until 197, then Coele Syria and Syria-Phoenicia ) Armenia (115-117) Assyria (115 - 117) Mesopotamia (115-117 )
Africa	Proconsular Africa ( Numidia detached from 193) Cyrenaica - Crete Egypt Cesarean Mauretania Mauretania Tingitana
Ancient Rome series

Roman imperial dynasties See also: Roman Emperor Roman Empire
Principate	Early Empire Julio-Claudian ( -27 - 68 ) Year of the Four Emperors ( 69 ) Flavian ( 69 - 96 ) Antonines ( 96 - 192 ) 2nd year of four emperors ( 193 ) Severe ( 193 - 235 ) Crisis Third Century " Military Anarchy "( 235 - 253 ) "Thirty Tyrants" ( 253 - 268 ) Illyrians ( 268 - 284 )
Dominate	Late Antiquity Tetrarchies ( 285 - 311 ) Constantinian ( 306 - 364 ) Valentinians ( 364 - 392 ) Theodosius ( 378 - 455 ) Last Emperor ( 455 - 476 )
Ancient Rome series

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