The National Centre for Scientific Research, better known by the acronym CNRS is the largest French public organization of scientific research. Classified as a public scientific and technological (EPST), it is under the administrative supervision of the Ministry of Higher Education and Research.
Founded by the Legislative Decree of 19 October 1939 : 26 100 permanent (11,700 researchers and 14,400 engineers, technicians and administrative staff), as well as 4000 contract. Its annual budget is approximately 3.3 billion euros, 500 million of own resources . The CNRS is active in all fields of knowledge through research and 1,100 units of service labeled most of which are managed with other organizations (universities, other EPST, colleges, industry ...) for four years as administrator to "mixed research units".
The CNRS is the fourth largest in the world (after NASA and two other U.S. institutions) and first in Europe (before the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft and CERN ) World Ranking "Webometrics, which measures the visibility Web research institutes. The CNRS is a top world SCImago by institute that integrates research institutions and universities in its ranking among other things based on scientific production, the number of citations, international collaboration, from the Scopus database including over 18,000 journals.
According to a survey conducted by Sofres for Sciences Po , CNRS French benefit from a confidence level of 90%, well ahead of the police (71%), Government (31%), the President of the Republic (35%) or political parties (23%), and second only to the family (97%).
/ / History
The CNRS was born October 19, 1939, merger between a funding agency, the National Fund for Scientific Research and a great institution of laboratories and researchers, the National Center for Applied Scientific Research .
This merger was prepared by Jean Zay with the help of his under-secretaries of state for research, Irne Joliot-Curie and Jean Perrin. The decree organizing the CNRS is signed by the president in office, namely Albert Lebrun , President of the Council, Edouard Daladier , Minister of National Education Delbos succeeding Jean Zay , and the Minister of Finance Paul Reynaud. The creation of the CNRS claimed to "coordinate the activities of laboratories in order to reap higher returns on scientific research," and in the words of Jean-Franois Picard, to "melt into one body, somehow the logical outcome of Jacobinism and centralizing scientific. "
The merger was born at the beginning of World War II, it therefore aroused no echo in the press . At its inception, the research was conducted to the needs of the French army to the point where it was described as "science conquering" . Threatened by the Vichy regime , the CNRS is reorganized to Liberation.
In 1966 are created associated units. This university laboratories, supported by CNRS, through its human and financial resources. In 1967 was founded the National Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, which became in 1985 the National Institute of Sciences of the Universe (INSU). The National Institute of Nuclear Physics and Particle Physics (IN2P3) is created in turn by 1971.
In 1982 , the Act of July 15, said law Chevenement programming means of public research, orders that staff scientists, engineers, technicians and administrative staff transfer under the Public Service : they become civil servants, with, for researchers, a status similar to that of lecturers and professors of universities.
Role and Organization
The CNRS is classified as a public scientific and technological (EPST) and placed under the administrative supervision of the Ministry of Higher Education and Research and is currently governed by Articles L. 321-1 to L. 321-6 of the Code of research and Decree No. 82-993 of 24 November 1982, last amended by Decree No. 2007-195 of February 2, 2007.
According to the Decree on organization and operation of the National Centre for Scientific Research, CNRS has the following missions:
- evaluate, perform or have performed any research relevant to the advancement of science and for the economic, social and cultural development;
- contribute to the implementation and enhancement of research results;
- to develop scientific information, promoting the use of French;
- to assist in the research training and research;
- to participate in the environmental scan and international scientific and its prospects for the development of national policy in this area.
To carry out these missions, the National Centre for Scientific Research may include:
- create, manage and fund research units;
- contribute to the development of research undertaken in laboratories in other public research organizations, universities and other higher education institutions, national companies, businesses and private research centers;
- implement programs of research and technological development;
- recruit and assign research staff within the limits of permitted uses by the Finance Act;
- support travel and stay of personnel in any place where the call center's mission;
- construct and manage, where appropriate, under national or international agreements, major research equipment;
- establish subsidiaries and take stakes;
- participate, particularly in the context of public interest groups, actions conducted jointly with State agencies, local or other public or private, French or foreign;
- participate in the development and implementation of agreements on scientific cooperation and international cooperation for development;
- ensure the development and dissemination of scientific documentation and publication work.
There are three fundamental roles in the CNRS research:
- Operating funding of research: CNRS 1170 finance research laboratories , which own 98 units and 1072 joint research units (UMR), shared with a higher education institution, another research organization, foundation or company. The CNRS is involved in their budgets and their staffing, sometimes to their premises. The National Committee for the CNRS evaluates every four years these research units, this assessment determines its financial contribution, and may lead to the reorganization or termination of the contract of association with the unit.
- Employment and management of research personnel: CNRS pays for researchers , engineers and technicians who work generally in the CNRS research units or units associated therewith. Researchers are evaluated by the National Committee every two years. Some may also be "available" from another institution as part of a research project.
- Financing research projects: the CNRS selects and funds projects of specific research, which researchers from all statutes are entitled to participate.
This triple role contributes to the difficulty of defining the part of the CNRS research in France. In practice, a CNRS researcher working very often in a laboratory at a university, anywhere in France: this generally leads to a complication and a lack of legibility of the affiliations in the publications of French researchers . We must also distinguish research funded by the CNRS, and the CNRS researchers. Finally, because in particular the integration of the CNRS and university research, the research results are often the result of a collaboration between researchers from CNRS and other agencies, or university. In recent years, the policy was to increase the associations between CNRS and universities, which helped to increase the confusion of roles and has led to some peer group pressure from university professors. The accreditation to supervise research , delivered by universities, tends to become a choke point in the promotion of research at CNRS.
Administrative division
Institutes
The CNRS has ten institutes including two national:
Each institution manages its science policy area.
Sectioning
There is also a finer division into sections :
- 1 Mathematics and interactions of mathematics
- 2 Physical theories: methods, models and applications
- 3 Interactions, particles, nuclei from laboratory to cosmos
- 4 Atoms and molecules, optical and laser, hot plasmas
- 5 Condensed matter: structure and dynamics
- 6 Condensed Matter: Structure and electronic properties
- 7 Science and Information Technology (IT, control, signal and communication)
- 8 Micro and nano-technologies, electronics, photonics, electromagnetics, power
- 9 engineering materials and structures, solid mechanics, acoustics
- 10 Reactive fluid environment: transport, transfer, processing techniques
- 11 supra and Macromolecular Systems: properties, functions, engineering
- 12 molecular architectures: synthesis, properties and mechanisms
- 13 Physical Chemistry: molecules, circles
- 14 Coordination chemistry, interfaces and processes
- 15 Chemistry of Materials, Nanomaterials and processes
- 16 Chemistry and Life for Life Sciences: Design and properties of molecules of biological interest
- 17 solar system and distant universe
- 18 Earth and terrestrial planets: structure, history, models
- 19 The Earth System: superficial envelopes
- 20 Continental Surfaces and Interfaces
| - 21 Molecular and structural features of living
- 22 Organization, expression and evolution of genomes
- 23 Cell biology: organization and functions of the cell, pathogens and host / pathogen
- 24 Cellular interactions
- 25 Molecular and integrative physiology
- 26 Development, evolution, reproduction, aging
- 27 behavior, cognition, brain
- 28 Integrative Plant Biology
- 29 Biodiversity, evolution and biological adaptations: from macromolecules to communities
- 30 Therapeutics, drugs and bioengineering: concepts and methods
- 31 Humans and their Environments: Evolutions, Interactions
- 32 Ancient and Medieval Worlds
- 33 Modern and Contemporary Worlds
- 34 Language, Language, Discourse
- 35 Philosophy, History of Thought, Science of Texts, Theory and History of Literature and the Arts
- 36 Sociology, standards and rules
- 37 Economics and Management
- 38 Societies and Cultures: comparative approaches
- 39 Spaces, Territories and Societies
- 40 Politics, Power, Organization
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Regional delegations
The CNRS has 19 regional offices that provide representation missions in the various local bodies involved in research and higher education, local management and staff of laboratories and support space science projects.
- Ile-de-France
- A Paris (01)
- Paris B (02)
- Ile-de-France Est (03)
- Ile-de-France Sud (04)
- Ile-de-France and North West (05)
- Paris Michel-Ange (16)
- Big East
- Central East (06)
- Alsace (10)
- Northwest
- Centre-Poitou-Charentes (08)
- Brittany and Pays de la Loire (17)
- Nord, Pas-de-Calais and Picardy (18)
- Normandy (19)
- Southeast
- Auvergne Rhne (07)
- Alps (11)
- Provence and Corsica (12)
- Cte d'Azur (20)
- Southwest
- Languedoc Roussillon (13)
- Midi Pyrenees (14)
- Aquitaine Limousin (15)
National Committee for Scientific Research
It is the forum CNRS responsible for the evaluation of scientific research units funded by the CNRS and, individually, each paid by CNRS researcher. It is divided into 40 sections, plus 7 sections interdisciplinary, focusing on areas of research . Each section is composed of 21 members who are experts in relevant scientific field, and come from different backgrounds (researchers at CNRS, in other EPST or EPIC , in the private sector , teachers, researchers, foreign researchers ...). One third of them is appointed by the Ministry of Research, two thirds are elected by all research personnel in the field (researchers, teachers, researchers and engineers, technical staff and administration of public universities and French ) to allow monitoring and scientific guidance to ensure the independence of research. There is no code of ethics and professional assessment of methodological CNRS, each section of the National Committee for Scientific Research publishes in its renewal criteria will be used to conduct the evaluation of researchers and laboratories . Keyword frequently encountered include "production" of science, the adequacy of research with the scientific background, their national and international outreach, the role of doctors in training, facilitation and enhancement of science. The criteria bibliometric (number of publications in journals with publishers or considered relevant) are also used, but in light of these qualitative aspects.
Research units and service
The CNRS has 98 research laboratories, said research unit (UPR) or units of service and research (USR). It also participates in the financing and staffing of 1223 research laboratories associated with higher education institutions (for 90% of them) or other research organizations, under various types of partnership agreement :
- Association as' joint research unit ( UMR );
- Association as an associated research unit ( FRU );
- association as research training in evolution (ENG) .
- association as the host team (EA)
- association as a young team (JE)
- association as a team postulant (EP)
- association as the unit's own research in higher education combined (UPRESA)
Moreover, there are business units that include ways to support research, such common administrative services, data centers or libraries, etc.. :
There is little or no research in the service units, and consequently the staff of these units has very few researchers, if any, but rather engineers, technicians and administrative staff. Among these units face the Institute of Scientific and Technical Information , which specializes in the preservation and dissemination of scientific publications, including via the internet.
Each unit has a unique numeric code. Thus, UMR 1234 UMR means a precise, UMS 3456 UMS a precise.
Each structure depends on (or sometimes more) scientific department.
Some structures also depend on one of two institutes of the CNRS:
Units of the CNRS
The CNRS has 62 research unit located mainly in Paris (11), Gif sur Yvette (8), Marseille (7), Strasbourg (5), Grenoble (3), Toulouse (3) and Orsay (3):
- Laboratoire Photons et Matire, Paris
- Centre for Research on Heteroepitaxy and Its Applications, Valbonne
- Electrochemical Interfaces and Systems Laboratory, Paris
- Laboratory of Photonics and Nanostructures, Marcoussis
- Institut Charles Sadron , Strasbourg
- Extreme Conditions and Materials: High temperature and irradiation Direction of CNRS
As part of the reform of the CNRS, the positions of chairman and CEO are combined. On January 20, 2010 Alain Fuchs was appointed President of CNRS by the Council of Ministers upon proposal of the Minister of Higher Education and Research, Valerie Pecresse.
Presidents Directors-General Awards and CNRS Many researchers have received international awards have been during their career members of the CNRS or have worked in a laboratory associated with CNRS. Few, however, were permanently Member of the CNRS, in fact, before 1982, it granted only jobs not official, and a career as a university professor was the norm. Moreover, work in a laboratory associated with CNRS does not belong to the CNRS. Nobel Prize Several Nobel Prizes have been used by French CNRS, particularly early in their careers, and most have worked in university laboratories associated with CNRS. Among those who were employed at some point in their careers: Fields Medal Among the French mathematicians have won the Fields Medal , only Jean-Christophe Yoccoz seems never to have been employed by the CNRS (though he worked in a unit associated to CNRS). - 1950 : Laurent Schwartz , University of Nancy (CNRS Fellow from 1940 to 1944 at the University of Toulouse)
- 1954 : Jean-Pierre Serre , College de France (tied, then loaded and senior scientist at CNRS from 1948 to 1954)
- 1958 : Ren Thom , University of Strasbourg. (CNRS researcher from 1946 to 1953?)
- 1966 : Alexander Grothendieck , University of Paris. (CNRS researcher?)
- 1982 : Alain Connes , Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques (intern, then tied, then a senior fellow at the CNRS from 1970 to 1974)
- 1994 : Pierre-Louis Lions , Universit Paris-Dauphine (CNRS research fellow from 1979 to 1981)
- 2002 : Laurent Lafforgue , Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques (CNRS research fellow from 1990 to 2000 in Paris-XI)
- 2006 : Wendelin Werner , Universit Paris-Sud 11 (research fellow at CNRS from 1991 to 1997 at Paris VI and ENS)
Abel Prize A researcher has obtained the Abel Prize : Other - 2003 : Delegation to companies receiving the European Grand Prix for Innovation Awards, European Innovation for scientific organizations.
- 2007 : The Turing Award is the highest honor in computer science, considered the Nobel Prize in this field is to LBP Joseph Sifakis , CNRS Research Director in the Verimag he founded.
Honors by CNRS Since 1954 , CNRS annually awards three medals to researchers working in France: - A gold medal of the CNRS A researcher who has made outstanding contributions to the vitality and influence of French research.
- Fifteen silver to distinguish a researcher early career but already renowned for the quality and originality of his work.
- Forty bronze to reward and encourage a young researcher, talented expert in his field.
Since 1992 , the CNRS also awarded another award called Crystal CNRS to its technicians, engineers and administrative staff for their "technical expertise and innovative spirit." CNRS numbers - At 1 January 2003 , there were 26,167 employees statutory CNRS.
- At 1 January 2004 , there were 26,080.
- The state grant was the CNRS 2214 million in 2004. Its own resources amounted to 513 million euros ( 2007 ). For comparison, the research budget of the University of California in 2004 was 2 950 million (800 million equity).
- The pay scale in January 2006 was 1477 euros (gross minimum monthly wage of a technical assistant from the beginning of research career) to 6243 euros (for a Senior Research Director, at retirement). The average monthly gross wages of the researchers were 5912 (DRCE), 4949 (DR1) 3903 (DR2), 3192 (CR1), 2459 (CR2), those engineers: 4468 (IRHC), 3897 (IR1), 3029 (IR2) , 3845 (IEHC), 3180 (IE1), 2607 (IE2), 3228 (CMR), 2329 (AI), those technicians: 2300 (TEC), 2147 (CHT), 1920 (TCN), 1897 (AJTP) 1676 (AJT), 1625 (AGTP), 1574 (AGT). An estimate of the amount of net wages can be obtained by subtracting 20% gross salary amount.
- More than 4,000 active patents. For 10 years the CNRS is in the list of 10 "French companies or institutions" who file the most patents (INPI source).
Population The permanent staff of the Centre, various body governed by the provisions of Decree No. 83-1260 of 30 December 1983 to all common EPST, completed arrangements for specific body of CNRS by Decree No. 84-1185 of 27 December 1984. It includes: 2004 Review According to the social report 2004 published by the Human Resources department of the CNRS, the number of staff of the CNRS in 2004 were: - 25 980 agents whose officials
- 11 626 researchers, including 3625 women
- 14 354 IT (engineers, technicians) with 7460 women
- 11 695 non-permanent or trainees.
CNRS jobs are unevenly distributed over the territory, as are 41.7% in Ile-de-France , 11.7% in Rhone-Alpes ... to 0.2% in Limousin and 0.1% in the DOM-TOM. Technical jobs are divided, as for engineers and technicians in research and training in BAP (Branch of business) labeled A to H: - BAP A: Life Sciences
- BAP B: Chemical Sciences and Material Sciences
- BAP C: Engineering Sciences and scientific instrumentation
- BAP D: Humanities and Social
- BAP E: Scientific Computing and Informatics
- BAP F: Documentation, publishing, communication
- BAP G: Heritage, logistics, prevention
- BAP H: Scientific and technical management
Recruitment is by open competition based on candidates' files (including in particular their previous publications) and an interview with a jury, by promoting internal competition, vocational selection, the choice proposal. CNRS staff are also divided into body : - Engineers, classified in category A of the Public Service.
- Engineers Retrieval (IR) hold a degree in engineering awarded by a ENSI, a Ph.D., an aggregation.
- Design engineers (IE) licensed, master's, a DEA , DESS or engineering degree is not recognized when applying the body of IR
- The assistant engineers (AI) a DUT or BTS.
- Technicians (TCN = normal class technician, technician TCS = upper class, TEC = Technician exceptional class): Holders of bachelor , or a DEUG, which corresponds to category B of the Public
- Technical assistants (AJT): holding a CAP or BEP for the category C of the Public Service.
The degrees listed are those required when registering to external competition. Breakdown by branch of activity and body The following table shows the distribution of technical personnel, according to industry professional (BAP) and the various bodies. | BAP | Number of agents | average age | % Female | Engineers (IR, EI, AI) | Technicians (T, AJT) |
|---|
| A (Life Sciences) | 1943 | 44.2 years | 70.3% | 1 144 | 799 | | B (Chemical Sciences and Material Sciences) | 1067 | 43.4 years | 43.3% | 852 | 215 | | C (science, engineering and scientific instrumentation) | 2895 | 44.1 years | 10.4% | 2 195 | 700 | | D (Humanities and Social Sciences) | 1 597 | 52.4 years | 58.3% | 590 | 7 | | E (Computer Science and Scientific Computing) | 1 867 | 43.4 years | 24.4% | 1 676 | 191 | | F (Documentation, publishing, communication) | 1 250 | 48.3 years | 43.6% | 819 | 431 | | G (Heritage, logistics, prevention) | 724 | 45.1 years | 21.5% | 155 | 569 | | H (Scientific and technical management of EPST) | 3 954 | 44.3 years | 86.5% | 1 292 | 2 662 |
Role of women in the CNRS In December 2005 , a total of 26 133 people, the CNRS had 11,095 women and 15,038 men, a proportion of 42.5% . Among engineers and technicians, on 14 456 7454, or 52%, are women. As researchers, women are clearly in the minority and only 3 625 11 626 or 31%. The latter figure still hides significant differences among sectors. Women represent 43% of researchers in the sciences of man and society , 39% in life sciences , 30% in chemistry , 26% in environmental sciences , 19% in engineering , 19 % in science and information technology and communication , 17% physical , 16% in mathematics. The proportion of women also decreases depending on the hierarchy. They represent 35.7% of the fellows of Class 2 (CR2), which represent the level of recruiting most new researchers, 36.7% of the fellows 1st class for CR1, 25.2% Research Directors of Class 2 (DR2), 11.7% of research directors of 1st class (DR1) and 11.6% of research directors (DRCE), 15 women only. Following this assessment and to promote women's place within the organization, a mission for the position of women was introduced in 2001 . Part-time at the CNRS 1836 including 1634 women officers (88%) worked part-time activity, this represents 7.1% of the workforce, broken down as follows: - 2% of researchers
- 11.2 of IT
The distribution according to work time and the evolution since 1994 is as follows: | ratio | 1994 | 1999 | 2004 |
|---|
| 50% | 29.4% | 19.3% | 17.2% | | 60% | 4.1% | 3.6% | 2.8% | | 70% | 3.2% | 2.8% | 2.1% | | 80% | 56.2% | 64.8% | 66.8% | | 90% | 7.1% | 9.5% | 11.1% |
Uses non-permanent In 2004, 11,695 people were paid by the CNRS on non-permanent positions (DDC, contractors, host on secondment from a private company, recovery action ...) Operating costs This section is empty, insufficiently detailed or incomplete. Your help is welcome! The budget of the social policy of the CNRS was: - 25,986,002 in 2000
- 26,442,133 in 2001 or + 1.7%
- 27,313,470 in 2002 or + 3.2%
- 27,433,470 in 2003 or + 0.44%
- 27,937,470 in 2004 or + 1.8%
The restoration uses 63.9% of social spending. There are 28 doctors CNRS prevention to which was added 25 physicians and 33 physicians working multi prevention of the university that makes a total of 86 doctors per 26 000 permanent staff. Reforms and controversies Although at the forefront of global research, the CNRS is a regular target of criticism from some quarters including economic and public management specialists. The law of 1982 called Chevenement functionarization CNRS staff, had its supporters and opponents: - support the view that researchers will benefit from a stable environment for basic research and that research will be increasingly dependent on heavy industry and private funding, or phenomena that elicit enthusiasm abrupt changes of policy decided by scientific successive governments.
- opponents will note that the administrative machinery thus created can encourage good researchers who are disaffected by the permanence of mediocre researchers who, to some extent , argue in favor of age.
In 2001 , the Court of Auditors criticized the CNRS's "absence of strategy" and noted that the division into areas of science are a major obstacle to the establishment of the interdisciplinary capacity. The court also notes the thematic stiffness, weakness opportunities for expression of talent, recruitment endogamous (40 to 50% of recruitment in the laboratory preparation of the doctorate), the low impact of assessment on their career researchers and premiums distributed unrelated to the quality of services provided In 2002 , Olivier Postel-Vinay , managing editor of the magazine " La Recherche ", published his book The big mess - splendor and misery of the French science book denouncing what he called the failures of the institution. Thus, the author noted that CNRS researchers employs approximately eleven miles, but fails to lay off one or two every year and often they are outweighed by the administrative court (CNRS researchers, as servants, not not depend on the jurisdiction of the tribunal). It was also criticized the Department of the CNRS 'not direct much. " The phenomenon seems less tied to organizational causes as the mode of recruitment officers (co-optation of the profile essentially academic scientists who are not managers). The weekly L'Express, 2 February 2004 , citing a report by the Inspectorate General of Finance at the CNRS, noted the following deficiencies: "Poor distribution of resources, duplication, lack of controls, rigid status of researchers, and especially a direction that does not run much. "The Inspectorate of Finance suggested that it would reduce the role of the National Committee of CNRS (peer review) in favor of a more hierarchical authority. Former Minister of Research Claude Allegre made headlines by engaging in a major reform of the CNRS, which led to protests by French researchers (2004). These controversies then continued in a sling for the entire public research against the government of Jean-Pierre Raffarin , who was accused of major cuts in research funding. More recently, these reforms were presented as equally related to a desire to regain control of the political science strategy of an organization deemed too independent. Many criticisms have been made by the Court of Auditors and the General Inspectorate of Finance to the fact that the CNRS laboratories would rarely, if ever, evaluated in an "independent" , , worry about the consequences that this reorganization could eventually have on the CNRS, a part of the functions of its own structures (CONR and direction) may seem redundant with the functions These new structures . However, the Court of Auditors noted that "But it is also true that if the contract has been overlooked by the new management is that it had flaws. First, the contract action was not accompanied by multi-year programming of funds from the CNRS. There was therefore no basis or to give an indication of the budgetary resources that the state hoped to rally in support of the CNRS, or are translated into priorities set by the contract, or finally to define the effort required to center management. " More recently he has been talk of turning the CNRS an "agency means" awarding funds to projects (not structures), and reallocate all or part of 26 000 employees of the CNRS in universities: the candidate for president, N. Sarkozy announced "I thus transforms our major research funding agencies in, responsible for selecting and funding of research teams for projects to term." A note of the Directorate General for Research and Innovation prevented the CNRS Scientific Council on 9 and 10 October 2007 to render an opinion on the draft strategic plan of the CNRS . The plan "CNRS - 2020, launched over a year ago by the management of the CNRS has been postponed by the Ministry of Research, after it was approved in June 2007 by the Scientific Council of the CNRS, then amended by the Directorate General for Research and Innovation (DGRI) . In its engagement letter to Valerie Pcresse , the President of the Republic asked him to "put universities at the center of research efforts, including bolstering their responsibility in the joint research laboratories." In late February 2008, the Minister has translated these guidelines into a "road map" which gives the CNRS "a special responsibility, alongside other agencies in the design, construction and management of very large infrastructure research "while recognizing its status as a" premier research organization in France. " The roadmap specifies the number of targets, particularly re-organize the CNRS in large institutions, "the model of the INSU and IN2P3. On 1 July 2008, the Board CNRS adopted its "Strategic Plan 2020 "after lengthy negotiations with its regulators and trade unions and associations of research personnel. This plan includes in his introduction on the organization, the transformation of existing departments in institutes that have "all designed to take on national duties." The outline of these tasks will be negotiated with other institutions EPST or working in the same fields (for example, with INSERM for Life Sciences, and INRIA for certain application areas of computer science). The "Contract of Objectives" to 4 years to be signed with the Ministry in charge before the end of the year will clarify all these national missions and the precise contours of the various institutes. Notes Bibliography Related articles External Links References - A PDF version is available online at: http://www.cnrs.fr/paris-michel-ange/CNRSnaissance/4b_genealogie_doc/JO_1939.pdf
- a and b CNRS has 70 years in the Journal du CNRS No. 236 of September 2009
- Overview CNRS.
- http://research.webometrics.info/top4000_r&d.asp Webometrics Ranking of R & D Centers, World Rank.
- http://www.scimagojr.com/news.php?id=116
- http://www.scopus.com/home.url
- TNS Sofres barometer of political trust on page 18.
- See the website "CNRS, birth", the virtual exhibit at: http://www.cnrs.fr/paris-michel-ange/CNRSnaissance/indexDR19.html
- A. Prost, "Jean Zay: policy and method", in Id EAG in France (XIX-XX centuries) , p. 63-68, especially p. 67.
- a and b The creation of the CNRS, by Jean-Franois Picard, CRNR Review
- Note on Jean Antoine Prost Zay, Souvenirs et solitude (2004), p. 374.
- publications from a research unit associated with CNRS generally at least four terms of affiliation: the name of the research unit, the administrative code relating to the research unit (eg "UMR 2341" ), the name of the CNRS and the name of the higher education institution in which the unit is located. A research unit that may be associated with several universities, or more EPST, affiliations may be more complicated in practice. Unlike the U.S. where a researcher identifies as belonging to an institution (eg MIT), French researchers identify more readily as belonging to a research unit, which weakens the visibility of the institutions. See for example the CNRS note on the subject.
- According to the decree of May 19, 2003 listing the sections of the National Committee for Scientific Research, NOR: RECR0300052A.
- Website of the National Committee.
- Criteria 2004-2008.
- CNRS - SG - DAJ: Sample new window - Training for Research in progress
- Press release on the official website of CNRS
- http://www2.cnrs.fr/presse/communique/1428.htm
- http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2008/
- Medals & Awards.
- Gold Medal of the CNRS.
- Silver Medal of CNRS.
- Bronze Medal of CNRS.
- Crystal CNRS.
- The place of women in today CNRS: some figures.
- [pdf] Study Michle Crance, Policy Officer at Department of Political Science Indicators CNRS.
- Mission for Women.
- The promotion by seniority is limited by the need to move the body of a researcher to director of research, which is an international scientific competition and very competitive. Advancement to senior research fellows capped at 25-year career at an index level of 40% below that of research managers.
- / RPA / Cnrs.pdf "class =" external free "rel =" nofollow "> http://www.ccomptes.fr/fr/CC/documents/RPA/Cnrs.pdf
- Sylvestre Huet , thousands of researchers asking for an apology to Nicolas Sarkozy , Science blogs, Liberation , February 10, 2009
- Albert Fert: "Keeping a strong success of the CNRS research reform" , Mediapart , June 28, 2008.
- [PDF] The role and strategy of the CNRS , Court of Auditors, in February 2008. It also deplores the lack of monitoring of its recommendations: "If the Court had in 2002 criticized the centralized mode of operation of the CNRS, it is clear that this situation has not changed" (p. 130)
- [PDF] The role and strategy of the CNRS , Court of Auditors, in February 2008, p.119
- Website of Section 05.
- Biofutur 283, p 5 CNRS Will it lose its independence?
- [1].
- Strategic Plan
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