1891

The year 1891 of the Gregorian calendar has experienced different events.

Africa

Bunkeya , capital Msiri , fortified with palisades

• January ¹ : Taking Nioro by Colonel Louis Archinard after the departure of Ahmadou that folds in Macina and Djenne.

• January 11 : The Portugal ratifies the terms of the Berlin Conference.
• February 11 and July 31 : Charter of the Compagnie du Mozambique ( Portugal ).
• March 6 : The French Senate shall appoint a committee of eighteen members responsible for reorganizing the administration of Algeria.
• March 24 . The "Dahomey" are forcibly recruited as soldiers. Following popular uprisings and a mutiny in 1893 , a Schutztruppe (colonial troops) was founded in 1895.
• December 20 : Msiri king of Garaganza (capital Bunkeya ) in the old domain Luba , was killed in a brawl with a member of the expedition of William Stairs.
  • The Garaganza is a prosperous kingdom, located in the region rich in copper from Katanga , who practices the trade of copper, iron, ivory and slaves. Fearing annexation by the British land south of the Congo, the Belgians took over the Garaganza to be annexed to the State of Congo.

• Establishment of a French post at El Golea , the Moroccan-Algerian border. The Sultan of Morocco considers this decision as an act of hostility, especially since the annexation of the oasis located on the border between Algeria and Morocco is considered by the French government.
• Expedition Antoine Mizon in Nigeria , in Cameroon and the Middle Congo.
• Resistance in Somalia against the British and the Italians led by Sayyid Muhammad , "Mad Mullah" (1891 - 1920 ). This Somali Darod made several pilgrimages to Mecca and became the disciple of Muhammad Salih , the founder of a mystical sect and Puritan, the Salihiya.
• Shipments Vittorio Bottego in Danakil and Somali (1891 - 1897 ).
• French MP Stephen, leader of the colonial party, launched three missions of occupation of Chad to beat the British. One part of the Congo , the other was the Benue to reach Bornu , the third (the only one to succeed) from Saint-Louis, Senegal and crosses the French Sudan.
• The French disperse Mourides ( Senegal ).

Middle East

• February : The Gate creates Kurdish contingents of light cavalry for the maintenance of order in Anatolia (Hamidiye). The presence of these troops, ostensibly directed against the Russians and British, will increase tensions between Armenians and Kurds , the latter giving a character of jihad to their mission.
• March 19 : British Protectorate Muscat and Oman (completed in 1971 ). The British controlled the sea route of India.
• September 11 , Palestine : Establishment of the Jewish Colonization Association (ICA), founded by Baron Maurice de Hirsch. It is responsible for organizing the settlement, which takes a nationalist character, and refers to the creation of a Jewish national home.

• Revolt of tobacco in Persia. Cancellation of British monopoly on tobacco. The Shah gave way under the pressure of public opinion to the claims of the Shiite clergy and the mujahideen opposition to European influence. Also a nationalist and constitutionalist develops at the same time in intellectual circles.

Asia and the Indian world

• May 29 , Japan : The founder of the Freedom Party, Itagaki Taisuke , criticizes militarism and autocracy. It calls for a purely defensive foreign policy and reducing the military budget.
• June 20 : The British and Dutch define their respective spheres of influence in Borneo. The Netherlands are getting most of the island.
• October 28: Nobi Earthquake in Japan.

• China : The army punishes Manchuria uplift of the Sect of the Golden Elixir, anti-Christian orientation.
• General Osawa Takeo denounces the state of military unpreparedness of Japan and will be removed for indiscretion in December. However all members of the elected chamber do not get the reduction in military spending.
• Pollution in the copper mines of Ashio leads to a strike and a clash with police. This is one of the first major social conflicts related to the industrialization of Japan.

America

February 24 : Promulgation of the Constitution of Brazil

• February 24 : Promulgation of the new constitution that creates the secular republic and Federal Brazil. Gen. Manuel Fonseca is the first elected president. The constitution, modeled on the United States, is hardly suited to the requirements in Brazil. Provinces become states with their own government, their finances and their armed police.
• November 3 : President Manuel Fonseca chose to dissolve the National Assembly and to impose a dictatorial power, but was forced to resign by a revolt of the Navy, he cedes power on November 23 the Vice-President Floriano Peixoto ( Marshal of iron). It cancels the dissolution revokes all governors who had supported Deodoro and becomes master of the situation. It maintains the Republic under the protection of the army.
• August 29 : Civil war in Chile between liberals and positivists. Resignation of President Jos Manuel Balmaceda.
• August 31 : Establishment of a parliamentary republic in Chile. Jorge Montt , commander of the navy that overthrew Balmaceda, coping with the many parties that are blocking all political, social or economic. Governments that succeeded each other until 1914 will be struck with paralysis.

• The volume of currency in circulation in Brazil more than doubled since 1887 , causing a brief period of speculation, the encihamento.

United States

• March 14 : Following the murder of Police Superintendent David Hennessey in New Orleans in October 1890 , nine Italians are accused then found innocent for lack of evidence. Italian fishermen in the city celebrate the event, but on the morning of March 14 , the crowd headed by lawyer William Pakerson , forces entered the prison. Two suspects were killed and nine hanged shot. The Italy sends a warship to repatriate the Italians who want to abandon the city and suspended diplomatic relations with the United States.

• May 19 : Creation of the People's Party in St. Louis. He was born the gathering of two alliances of farmers with a number of reform groups and unions. His program summarizes the rural discontent: flexible currency and hits unlimited money, recovery of land sold to railway companies, abolition of land ownership rights for foreigners, more flexible system of loans guaranteed by the state, progressive taxation income, nationalization of means of transport and communications, secret ballot and referendum, election of senators by popular vote. Although they tried to attract the urban proletariat demanding better working conditions, the Populists will find little echo among the workers.
  • The Populists, who publish more than one hundred newspapers in the 1890s , also broadcast numerous books and pamphlets in order to rehabilitate the rural population.
• September : The Colored Alliance decides to strike in the cotton fields to get a raise. In the Arkansas , a group led by Ben Patterson exchange of gunfire with a small group of whites. A commissioner is killed and a cotton gin destroyed. The strikers are captured and executed fifteen of them ( September 29 ).
• October : miners' strike Briceville (Tennessee) who refuse to sign a new contract of employment not renegotiable in which they promised not to strike, to accept payments and supply tickets to give up their right to inspect the amount of coal extracted. It is broken by sending convicted criminals supervised by police. On 31 October , one thousand armed miners took control of the extraction area and release 500 prisoners. Companies are shrinking.
• April : An Indian kills a U.S. soldier. he is acquitted in a state belligerent act of war.
• The trust of the sugar turns a holding company.
• The first skyscraper in the structure entirely of steel, the Second Leiter Building , was completed in Chicago by architect William Le Baron Jenney.

Europe

May ¹ : the clash of Clichy

• January 24 : Foundation in Bucharest by teachers and students of a "Cultural League for all Romanians."
• January 31
  • Italy : The Council President Francesco Crispi , a victim of the economic and financial crisis facing the country, giving way to Marquis Antonio di Rudin , leader of the right.
  • Portugal : Republican Revolt Porto.
• February 7 : Alfred von Schlieffen , became chief of staff in Germany (completed in 1906 ). He develops a plan of attack in case of war: to crush France in six weeks for violating the neutrality of Belgium to outflank the French army, then run all the troops against Russia. This plan will be implemented in 1914.
• April 9 : Foundation of the Pan-German League ( Alldeutscher Verband ) to promote the economic interests of Germany composed mainly of overseas soldiers and officials, will expand its activities rapidly in patriotic propaganda and promote among leaders Berlin an aggressive foreign policy. It will gradually become racist and anti-Semitic, hostile to the maintenance of Austria-Hungary.
• April 24 , Italy : The House approved a bill abolishing the poll list, introduced in 1882. Italy returns a majority vote.
• May ¹ , France : Nine dead in Fourmies during demonstrations on May 1.
• May 6 : Renewal of the Triple Alliance between Austria , the Germany and Italy.
• May 15 : Encyclical Rerum Novarum of Pope Leo XIII , who first mentioned the condition of workers. Leo rejects socialism and class struggle, but encourages associations with a goal of "reconciliation and mutual aid." Catholic social movement is growing in Italy under the direction of the Work of Congress ( Giuseppe Toniolo ).
• May : Questioning the status of Finland. Russification intensified. The Russian decision to abolish the independent postal service while removing the national army is being prepared.
• June ¹ : Entry into force of the law on protection of workers in Germany. Sunday becomes mandatory day of rest, work in factories of children under thirteen years is prohibited, the working time of adolescents is reduced to ten hours a day and age of retirement is 65 years (the Life expectancy is only 45 years!).
• June : Disorders agrarian Hungary.
• July : Visit of the French fleet to Kronstadt.
• On August ^1, was declared a national holiday in Switzerland.
• August 20 : Introduction of the popular initiative at the federal level in Switzerland.
• August 21 : Start of government Gijsbert van Tienhoven the Netherlands. The power goes to the Liberals (1891 - 1901 ).
• August 27 : Alliance Agreement secret Franco-Russian exchange of letters. The France gets only the Russian promise of joint consultation in the event of European conflict.
• August : Congress of Italian Workers of Milan advocates the formation of a socialist party.
• 14 - Oct. 21 : Congress of Erfurt. The German Social Democrats adopted the Marxist program of Engels - Kautsky. The accent placed on democratic reforms.
• October , UK : Liberals adopt a new program, which includes the recognition of home rule for Ireland and the reduction of working time for workers.
• November : Deportation of more than 20,000 Jews of Moscow , who are forced to cluster in ghettos
• December ¹ : Creating the Office of the Permanent International Peace in Bern.
• December 17 : The Lucerne Josef Zemp Becomes First Federal Councillor not radical. He represents the conservative Catholic party.

France

Switzerland

Thematic Chronologies

Arts and Culture

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On the Beach Paul Gauguin

• Fine Arts
  • First exhibition Nabis.
  • French painter Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec painted the poster The Moulin Rouge.
  • The French painter Paul Gauguin left for Tahiti (1891 - 1893 ). He paints on the beach (1891), When you get married? ( 1892 ) and the Spirit of the Dead Watching ( 1893 ).
  • Cirque ( 1 890 -1,891), painting Seurat.
  • Rocks of Huelgoat Paul Serusier.
  • Women in the Garden of Bonnard.
  • Zaporozhye Cossacks writing to the Turkish Sultan, canvas Repin.

Economy and Society

• Famine in Russia , eastern black soil, affecting 40 million peasants.
• Brief economic recession in Russia linked to a global crisis (1891 - 1892 ).
• Prohibitive tariff in Russia that a trade war with Germany (1892 - 1894 ).
• Commercial treaties between Germany and Austria-Hungary , the Italy , the Belgium and Switzerland.

• May 15 Brown Boveri & Cie: Foundation of the factory -Brown Boveri AG in Baden.
• UK : Thomas Burberry opened a shop at number 30 of the large shopping street Haymarket in the west of London.
• Constitution in Portugal Tobacco Company, made of 70% foreign capital, predominantly French.

Births in 1891

• January 8 : Bronislava Nijinska , dancer and choreographer Russia ( 1972 ).
• January 26 : Charles Journet , Swiss theologian and cardinal ( 15 April 1975 ).

• April 2 : Max Ernst , painter and sculptor born French German ( 1976 ).
• April 23 : Sergei Prokofiev , Russian composer ( 5 March 1953 ).

• March 19 : Earl Warren , jurist and an American politician ( 9 July 1974 ).

• May 2 : Mikhail Bulgakov , Russian writer ( 1940 ).
• May 27 : Claude Champagne , composer, educator Canada ( 1965 ).

• June 6 : Ignacio Snchez Mejas , bullfighter Spanish ( 13 August 1934 ).

• July 13 : Freels , French singer ( 3 February 1951 ).

• August 9 : Joseph-Marie Martin , French cardinal, archbishop of Rouen ( 21 January 1976 ).

• September 7 : Francois Vibert , stage actor and film ( 23 May 1978 ).

• October 20 : James Chadwick , physicist UK ( 1974 ).

• November 15 : Erwin Rommel , German general ( 14 October 1944 ).

• December 26 :
  • Jean Galtier-Boissiere , French writer and journalist ( 22 January 1965 ).
  • Henry Miller , American writer ( 1980 ).

Deaths in 1891

September 10 : Suicide of French General Georges Boulanger at the grave of his mistress in the cemetery of Ixelles ( Brussels )

• January 11 : Baron Eugene Haussmann , prefect of the Seine (b. 1809 ).
• January 16 : Leo Delibes , composer (b. 1836 ).
• January 22 : Benjamin Constant Botelho de Magalhes , Brazilian positivist, relentless advocate the abolition of slavery, the Republican regime, the separation of church and state.
• January 25 : Theo Van Gogh , art dealer (b. ¹ May 1857 )
• January 28 : Felipe Poey , zoologist Cuban ( 1799 ).
• January 31 : Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier , French painter.
• February 9 : Johan Barthold Jongkind , Dutch painter.
• March 17 : Pierre-Jules Hetzel , a French publisher. (B. 15 January 1814 ).
• March 29 : Georges Seurat , French painter (b. 1859 ).
• April 7 : Phineas Taylor Barnum , founder of the famous circus.
• April 18 : Felix Antoine Appert , French soldier and diplomat of the nineteenth ^century , general of army corps. ( 12 June 1817 ).
• May 28 : Peter Martin Duncan , paleontologist British (b. 1824 ).
• September 9 : Jules Grevy , a former president of France (b. 1807 ).
• September 10 : Georges Boulanger , French general and politician (b. 1837 ).
• September 20 : Narcissus Berchre , French painter and writer.
• November 10 : Arthur Rimbaud , French poet (b. 1854 ).
• December 9 : Andrew Ramsay , geologist British ( 1814 ).
• December 29 : Leopold Kronecker , mathematician German (b. 1823 ).

References

• Portal of the contemporary world
• Portal of the nineteenth ^century

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