1831

This page is for year 1831 of the Gregorian calendar .

Africa

• April : Peace Accords between the Asante , the other territories of the Gold Coast and the British.

• Expedition Monteiro and Gamitto in Angola.
• Following disagreements among their leaders, the Nguni are divided into three groups. Supporters of Soshangane migrate to southern Mozambique and founded the state in Gaza, named after the father of their leader. Those Nxaba settle in Zimbabwe today and contribute to the ruin of the empire of Mwene Mutapa. Men Zouangendaba , after having traversed a part of Mozambique and Zimbabwe , continued their journey to the North ( 1835 ).

• Dynasty Changamir of Boutou ( Zimbabwe ) is overthrown by the people Ngoni and Ndebele from the north. The country is devastated.

• The French pastor Eugene Casalis is sent by the Evangelical Missionary Society of Paris in Basuto of Lesotho where he played a significant role politically and diplomatically to King Moshoeshoe ( Moschech ) while forming catechists among Aboriginal and organizing the primary education.

Maghreb

• January 7 : The Bey of Tunis took Oran. Pursuant to the agreement signed with France in 1830 , Husayn Bey offers its services to France. He hopes to Constantine and his brother Mustapha put the government of Oran. But the violence by his troops in Algeria are scandal and Paris does not ratify the Convention. This shift will harm relations between France and Tunisia, while offering its services to the occupant, the Bey was compromised in the eyes of Muslims.

• February : In Algeria , Bertrand Clauzel is replaced by General Pierre Berthezene , who with his successors, the Duke of Rovigo ( 6 December 1831 - 29 April 1833 ), Theophilus Voirol ( 29 April 1833 - 27 September 1834 ), merely the occupation of Algiers and its environs, with rare exceptions.

• The Turk Ahmed controls most of beylik of Constantine.

Americas

August 21 : The Revolt of Nat Turner

• January ¹ : The American William Lloyd Garrison published his abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator. In January , free Blacks were whipped and imprisoned in Washington for selling.

• February 24 : Departure to the west of thirteen thousand Choctaws of Mississippi after the Treaty Dancig Rabbit Creek was signed on 27 September 1830 with the United States. Thousands of them are killed by starvation and cholera. The seven thousand Choctaws who are not yet parties decide not to move.

• March 18 : Trial of the Cherokees against the State of Georgia following the discovery of gold on their territories. The Supreme Court rejected their appeal, calling the Indian "nations internal and dependent."
  • The Cherokees are encouraged to move west of Mississippi and their land is put up for sale. They adopt a policy of non-violence, although their properties were seized, their houses burned, their schools closed and abused women. In 1832 , Andrew Jackson declared the primacy of states' rights on the issue Cherokee. Their newspapers were banned, their government dissolved, the missionaries put in prison and lands scattered in small parcels.

• August 21 : Revolt of enslaved blacks led by Nat Turner in Southampton County ( Virginia ). Seventy slaves pillaged plantations and killing fifty people. They are eventually captured and Turner and eighteen of his men were hanged. After the revolt, the law enforcement system hardens considerably in the South.

• September 18 : Jos Joaqun Prieto became president of Chile. Conservatives came to power in Chile. They will hold power until 1861.

Brazil

• In March, Dom Pedro chooses a cabinet in accordance with the wishes of public opinion, but replaced in April by an unpopular cabinet formed only of nobles and senators. The opposition demanded the return of the previous cabinet.
• April 7 : Emperor Pedro I of Brazil , became very unpopular, was forced to abdicate in favor of his son Pedro de Alcantara, aged five years, taking the name of Peter II of Brazil (end of reign in 1840 ). The latter, born in Brazil after independence was a true Brazilian, but his accession to the throne, however, marked the beginning of a period of political instability.
  • Dom Pedro returned to Portugal where they are dedicated exclusively to the rights of his daughter Dona Maria II , it replaces the throne in 1834. He died the same year at the age of 36 years.
  • In Brazil , a regency council of three members chosen by parliament, two teams succeeding two months apart.

• Federalist movements in Pernambuco to Bahia and in Mato Grosso (1831 - 1835 ). Disorders in Rio de Janeiro.
• The slave trade became illegal in Brazil.

Asia

• The government China renews ban on the import of opium.
• September 9 : The Vatican established the Apostolic Vicariate of Korea , when the central government represses Catholicism.

India

• Renewal of the alliance between the British and the Sikhs.

• The army's movement Mujahidins is defeated by the Sikhs. Barelwis Sayyid Ahmad died in battle.

• The British occupied the Mysore , which became a princely state under British tutelage.

• Fight against the Thugs , sect emerged in the ^thirteenth century in Delhi and Bengal , who perform ritual sacrifices on travelers by strangulation. Their activities are important in the years 1831 - 1839. They were decimated by the British.

Middle East

• Beginning of the occupation of Syria and Lebanon by Egypt (completed in 1840 ).
  • November : Mohamed Ali and his son Ibrahim Pasha invaded Palestine and Syria (completed in 1839 ), Ottoman provinces which the Sultan had promised the protectorate in exchange for their cooperation in Greece. Only the British and French pressures discourage them from addressing the Ottoman central government. Sultan Muhammad Ali to withdraw his title of Pasha.

• In Baghdad , the Ottoman Sultan replaces the last Mamluk , Da'ud Pasha , by Ottoman governors in order to restore the authority of the Porte.

• Back to Cairo to Rifa'a al-Tahtawi and its scholarship students. His experience of the French company, after spending five years in Paris , it inspired a debate on the development of Islamic civilization and its encounter with Western modernity. Published in 1834 , will launch the debate to be taken by the reformers of the Muslim intellectual renaissance, the Nahda.

• Persia : The country is in disarray and finances are in crisis. Prince Kadjar ' Abbas Mirza is responsible for restoring order in the empire on behalf of Shah Fath Ali. To end the revolts antifiscales facing the peasantry, the prince is campaigning in the south, in the Khorasan and on the banks of the Amu Darya.

Oceania and Pacific

• Traditional division into four regions of the Pacific, on the basis of race Malaysia , the Melanesia , the Micronesia and Polynesia , as proposed by Jules Dumont d'Urville to the Geographical Society at Paris.

Europe

• February 2 : The conclave elects Cardinal Cappellari as Pope replacing Pope Pius VIII (who died in December 1830). The new pope took the name Gregory XVI.
• Given the refusal of Michael I of Portugal to recognize the July Monarchy , the Holy Alliance allows France to intervene militarily. The French fleet bombards Lisbon on July 11.
• October 9 : Assassination of Ioannis Kapodistrias to Nafplio. The Greece comes to foreign interests, particularly British.

• Membership of the Hessian at Zollverein.
• The Schleswig , which claimed the convocation of the States, gets satisfaction between 1831 and 1834.

Belgium and the Netherlands

August 3 : The Dutch troops during the campaign of 10 days

• January 20 : The London Conference assigns all of Luxembourg , the part of Limburg in the east of the Meuse and Maastricht, the king of the Netherlands and decided that Belgium will be a permanently neutral state under the guarantee of the five powers ( United Kingdom , Austria-Hungary , France , Prussia , Russia ).
• February 3 : The Belgian National Congress chooses to King, a small majority, the Duke of Nemours , second son of Louis-Philippe , to the Duke of Leuchtenburg and Archduke Charles of Austria. Louis-Philippe has made known in advance there was no question that one of his son ascended the throne of Belgium, what England would have objected anyway.
• February 7 : Belgian Constitution , inspired by the Catholic and bourgeois liberalism, which endorsed the creation of a bicameral parliamentary and hereditary monarchy, with separation of legislative, executive and judicial.
• Separation of Belgium and the Netherlands arrested in London in June.
• February 24 : The National Congress elects the Baron Erasme Surlet Chokier regent of Belgium, a position he held until the swearing in of Leopold I , July 21, 1831.
• February 26 : Liberal ministry headed by the Catholic Etienne de Gerlache.
• March 28 : Department Unionists of Joseph Lebeau
• June 4 : The Belgian National Congress elected as king the Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg , widower of Princess Charlotte, daughter of English King George IV , and candidate of England. He accepts the crown of Belgium June 26 subject to acceptance by the Belgian National Congress on 18 articles of the London Conference in January 1831.
• June 16 : first issue of the Moniteur belge.
• July 21 : Leopold I of Belgium became the first king of the Belgians. He made his debut in Brussels and takes an oath to the Belgian constitution.
• 2 - August 12 : The Dutch army invaded Belgium and defeated Belgian forces.
  • August 2 : Enter the Dutch Army in Belgium, in violation of the armistice. Belgium requests the assistance of France.
  • August 6 : A French army of 50,000 men commanded by Marshal Gerard is ready to come to the aid of Belgium.
  • August 12 : The French army took up position in Brussels. The Dutch army withdraws.
• September 15 : Conference in Brussels by ratifying the major powers the separation of Belgium and Holland in 24 articles.
• October 15 : Treaty of London says "24 items" which gives Belgium the eastern part of Limburg and Luxembourg. William I of the Netherlands retains part of Luxembourg and Limburg and obtains a more favorable share of the debts of former Netherlands Emirates (24 articles in October).

Italy

Fighting near Rimini

May 23 : Run Ciro Menotti , anonymous, 1887

• February 2 : Early pontificate of Pope Bartolomeo Alberto ^254th Cappellari who took the name Gregory XVI (end June ^1, 1846 ). His secretary of state is the reactionary Cardinal Bernetti.

• In February, the fighting Carbonari against the Pope , which involved Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte.
• 4 - February 12 : Insurrection popular Bologna directed by Ciro Menotti (arrested at the February 3 ) despite the calming measures taken by the Duke of Modena. It aims to establish a representative monarchy whose sovereign was to be chosen to Rome. Governments fall without resistance to Bologna , Modena , Reggio and Parma.
• February 26 : The French government refuses to support the Italian revolutionaries. The movement lacks popular support and suffering of municipal rivalries, despite the creation in Bologna a government of the United Provinces of Italy on March 4.
• Austrian military intervention to break the revolutionary movement in Romagna , to Parma and Modena.
• March 26 : The provisional government Vicini surrenders after taking Modena and Parma. Republican leaders Ciro Menotti ( May 23 ) and Borelli are executed. Louis-Philippe sent an expeditionary force to Ancona to defeat the Austrian influence in the Papal State. Charles Albert of Sardinia sided with the Austrians against the Liberals, the Carbonari and France. Metternich remains master of the Italy.
• April 27 : Start of reign of Carlo Alberto of Savoy , king of Piedmont. Shared between hatred of Austria and distrust for the media "subversive" keeps the tradition of enlightened despotism and attempts to reform the Piedmont. It introduces new code creates a Legislative Council, removes the feudal rights in Sardinia and lower tariffs. He surrounded himself with moderates ( Barbaroux , Caccia ).
• May 21 : Common approach of France , of Austria , the UK , of Prussia and Russia to invite the pope to make necessary reforms in their states. The result of papal edicts ( July 5 , 5 & 31 October , 4 & 5 November 1831. Then the pope began a policy of repression with the support of Austria ^Poland
  

  

  February 25 : Battle Grochow
  

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  May 26 : Battle of Ostroleka

  .

  • Crushed by the Russians of the November Uprising.
  • January 18 : Adam Czartoryski became president of the provisional government of Warsaw Poles expelled the Russian authorities and declare their independence.
  • January 25 : The Sejm proclaimed the downfall of the Tsar. During the ensuing war, the Polish resistance to the Russians for several months.
  • February 5 : The Russian Marshal Ivan Dibich enter into Poland at the head of 115,000 men.
  • February 25 : The Poles halt the Russian advance in the battle of Grochow , but the state officers are divided on the strategy (an extension of the movement to neighboring nations or consideration in Poland).
  • May 26 : Loss of Polish nationalists, weakened by the cholera at Ostroleka.
  • Sept. 8 : Russian troops enter Warsaw. The uprising was violently suppressed after the defeat of the nationalists. The Russian Poland to submit a policy of repression and Russification. Poland ceases to exist as a nation. The Russians undertook a systematic destruction of Polish nationality. The Constitution, the Sejm and the Polish army were abolished, Poles deprived of their liberties. The universities are closed, students sent to Russia, Catholics persecuted. Ten thousand patriots exile to Switzerland , the Belgium and France. Demonstrations, riots, bloody reprisals will follow.

  Russian Empire

  • Rising nationalism in Lithuania.
  • In spring, failure of the insurrection of the western provinces of the Russian Empire.
  • December: Participation Regulation of the nobility in local elections: only have direct suffrage noble souls with more than 100 or 3000 dessiatine topsoil.
  • Meetings in Moscow 's Circle Stankievitch until 1832 ( Vissarion Belinsky , Granovsky , Bakunin ).
  • Closure of the universities of Warsaw and Vilna and High School Krzemieniec (1831 - 1833 ).

  France

  Main article: 1831 in France.
  • 14 - February 15 : Riots in Paris after a memorial service organized by the legitimate Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois on the anniversary of the assassination of the Duc de Berry. The church was invaded and sacked by the Republicans. Next day, riot looting the palace and several churches in Paris and the provinces.
  • November 21 - December 9 : Revolt of silk workers in Lyon.

  Thematic Chronologies

  Arts and Culture

  

  

  Bath of the Nymphs, canvas Francesco Hayez
  Main articles: 1831 in music , 1831 in literature and theater, 1831 to.
  • Liberty Leading the People and the Assassination of the Bishop of Liege paintings by Delacroix.
  • Open to Public collections Rumyantsev Museum in St. Petersburg.
  • April 18 : At Madrid ( Spain ), AC Francisco Montes said " Paquiro " Matador Spanish.
  • Publication of " La Peau de chagrin "of Honore de Balzac.

  Science and technology

  Main article: 1831 in science.

  Sports

  • First professional championship of rowing (sport) ( single scull ) in the UK.
  • The Surrey Cricket is crowned champion in England.
  • October 22. Foundation in Buenos Aires the first Argentine club cricket.
  • Publication in the United Kingdom of Reminiscences of Eton where a former pupil of the famous College states that " football can not be considered a gentleman's sport, after all the little people of Yorkshire will also play .... "

  Economy and Society

  • 150 000 people in Baghdad who is experiencing a renaissance business. It receives products of India , for Syria , in Persia , of Turkey. The European influence, particularly British, is growing.
  • Development of agricultural machinery in Russia ( Bunetop ).

  Births in 1831

  • January 8 :
    • : Victor-Lucien-Sulpice Lecot , French cardinal, archbishop of Bordeaux ( 19 December 1908 ).
    • John Stith Pemberton American chemist ( 16 August 1888 ).
  • April 15 : Eugene Poubelle , prefect of Paris ( 1907 ).
  • June 28 : Joachim Jzsef , Hungarian violinist.
  • July 7 : Flicien Rops , Belgian painter.
  • August 20 : Eduard Suess , geologist Austrian.
  • November 19 : James Garfield , President of the United States.
  • November 27 : Gustav Radde , German explorer and naturalist ( 2 March 1903 ).

  Deaths in 1831

  • January 6 : Rodolphe Kreutzer French violinist and composer (b. 1766 ).
  • April 14 : Alexander Taponier Camille , French general.
  • May 20 : The Abbe Gregoire , campaigning for the abolition of slavery.
  • June 27 : Sophie Germain , mathematician.
  • June 29 : Baron Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom Stein (b. 1757), Prussian politician, who labored through his reforms for the modernization of Prussia.
  • July 4 : James Monroe , President of the United States.
  • October 10 : Johann Christian Ludwig Hellwig , entomologist German (b. 1743 ).
  • November 13 : Hegel , philosopher.
  • November 16 :
    • Rene Desfontaines , French botanist (b. 1750 ).
    • Carl Gottlieb von Clausewitz , Prussian general, the father of modern strategy
  • December 10 : Thomas Johann Seebeck , physicist German discoverer of the thermoelectric.

  References

  1. (p Memorandum 432 Guizot Memoirs T 2).
  • Portal of the contemporary world
  • Portal of the nineteenth ^century

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